Last modified: 2020-07-31 by ian macdonald
Keywords: banknote | china | hulan buir banknote | flag on money | mongolia | inner mongolia |
Links: FOTW homepage |
search |
disclaimer and copyright |
write us |
mirrors
http://bordilles.free.fr/Banques/HulunBuir.htm
See also:
On the page
(in French) showing banknotes brought into circulation in the Hulun Buir
region (Inner Mongolia), end of 1919.
For a short time, China managed to recuperate Mongolia (lost in 1911 to
Russia and regained in 1919) only to lose (Outer) Mongolia again, this time
(1921) to Ungern-Sternberg and his eventual successor, the People's Republic
of Mongolia. But Hulun Buir, as the rest of what is called Inner Mongolia,
remained in Chinese hands.
The 25 Yuan note features the flag of the Chinese Republic although I have
no idea what the small flags (or pennants?) represent. Both banknotes are
bilingual Chinese and Mongol (see the script, later to be replaced by
Cyrillic).
Jan Mertens, 18 March 2005
I believe that Hulumbuir don't remained in Chinese
hands after 1920. Hulunbuir was a secessionist state from China, with
support of Russia (like Tuva); in 1913 recognized chinese sovereignity
under autonomous status, but remained de facto independent under Russian
influence; but in 1917 Russian power collapsed and in 1919 China
reconquered the region (autonomy was revoked some months later); the flags
in the banknote (dated 1919) can be the Burga local flag or the China
republic flag (but notice that it has not a upper light stripe); in 1920
was in hands of Von Sternberg, his white troops and his buriats allieds
until it was defeated in 1921 and the communist take the power. In the web
I found about Burga the following explanation:
Barga- also Hulunbuir. Barga is a region in northwestern Manchuria slightly
larger than Illinois. It was a major goal of Russian expansionism during the
early twentieth century, due to its abundant natural resources. While the
area was under Chinese jurisdiction, many Russians emigrated to the area,
and by the Chinese Revolution of 1911 outnumbered the Chinese, although not
the native Mongols. As Chinese central authority collapsed, the Bargut
Mongols (with a great deal of Russian "assistance") declared their
independence, announcing their intention to join Mongolia. When Manchu
troops were dispatched to Barga, they found that the Mongols had large
stockpiles of Russian materiel, and Russian troops had entered the territory
to train and assist the Bargut fighters. The Chinese were steadily pushed
out of the province, and in March of 1912 Barga formally seceded. At this
point, the Russians generously offered to step in as mediators. The weak
Chinese Republic agreed to Russian conditions, and Barga was made an
autonomous province, while the Russians gained a great deal of influence. At
several times, Chinese troops entered Barga to test the Mongol defenses, and
Russian troops intervened rapidly. Barga's autonomy was revoked in 1920, as
Russian power in the east collapsed.
Source:
http://history.stackexchange.com/questions/872/why-did-mongolia-split-in-two-when-they-declared-independence
Many commoners and nobles in Inner Mongolia as well as Hulunbuir and some
Huh Nuur Mongols agreed to cooperate with Bogd Khanate Mongolia. Khalkh
conquests freeing Inner Mongolia from Republic of China was mostly
successful until Russia and China called Bogd Khanate leaders for trilateral
summit in Khyagta disabling Bogd Khanate Mongolia to expand their territory.
Another thing happened was that Bogd Khanate Mongols freed Hobd territory
from Manchu rulers incorporating non-Khalkh territory into their land.
Then I suspect that Hulunbuir was conquered by China togheter all
independent Mongolia in 1919. In 1920 was liberated by Von Sterneberg and in
1921 was enclosed in the Mongolia Peoples Republic, and remained in this
until 1929 (after a failed independence movement in 1928) when was
proclaimed newly independent republic. Later I donЁЏt know if the republic
joined the Manchurian government of Zhang Xueliang (the son and successor of
the warlord Zhang Zuolin + 1928) or remained independent until 1931 when
the Japanese soldiers occupied Manchuria.
In Wikipedia, in the biography of Merse (a mongol leader), is stated:
Early in his political life, Merse established close ties with the
independent state of < http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolia > Mongolia and
the Soviet Union. In 1922, he attended a pan-Mongol conference organised by
Buryat at Verkhneudinsk (today
Ulan-Ude, capital of the
Republic of Buryatia).
In October 1925, he became the secretary-general of the newly-founded Inner
Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party at Kalgan (Zhangjiakou).
Source:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merse_%28politician%29#cite_note-Li97-1
Even the name of the party itself represented Merse's careful balancing act
between the Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party
in independent Mongolia, and the various political parties in China, at
a time of Kuomintang
- Communist Party of China
cooperation: the Mongolian name echoed the MPRP's Mongolian name, while the
Chinese name echoed " Kuomintang".
The KMT-CPC split of 1927 reflected itself into the IMPRP's own internal
situation. The party split into two factions under the pro-China
Serengdongrub and the pro-Ulaanbaatar/Moscow Merse (though
Ulanhu would later try to frame this
purely as a split between KMT and CPC supporters). Merse and other left-wing
elements within the party took steps towards more radical action: organising
an armed uprising. Comintern agent
Ivan P. Stepanov promised them arms and funding. Thus, in 1928, Merse and
his Daur compatriot
Fumintai (ИЃУїЬЉ or АНУёЬЉ) led a group of
Barga Mongols in an uprising in
his hometown Hailar, attempting to establish local autonomy. Sources refer
to this by a variety of names, including the "Hulunbuir Uprising" and "Barga
Rebellion". However, the Comintern repudiated Stepanov's statement, and the
Mongolian and Soviet governments denied all association with the uprisings,
and arrested Merse's associates who had gone to Ulaanbaatar during and after
the uprising. No outside support would be forthcoming. The Chinese
authorities arrested
China Eastern Railway
assistant director Mikhail Lashevich in
connection with the uprising in August 1928 Merse was thus forced to end
his uprising and make peace with
Zhang Xueliang in September
1929. The Barga, for their part, fled to independent Mongolia, where they
would become the target of political repressions in the next decade.
According Enciclopedia Hispano-Americana (know as Enciclopedia Espasa,
edited in Barcelona betwen 1910-1920), Appendix 7, pag. 632, published 1932,
in the exposition of the recent history of Outer Mongolia, states (my
translation to English): 12 december 1929 was proclaimed in the district
of Burga a new independent republic that has by capital Hailar. Seems
clear that independence was from Outer Mongolia.
Jaume Ollé, 04 April 2013